Writing Prompts Free Essays

Do you concur or differ with the accompanying explanation? Guardians are the best educators. Utilize explicit reasons and guides to help your answer. Youngsters invest a great deal of energy staring at the TV. We will compose a custom paper test on Composing Prompts or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Have you contemplated the projects and commercials you watch. Would you be able to differentiate between what occurs on TV and what is genuine? Compose an entry that exhibits that you do know the distinction. Redoing the Questions You can adjust the inquiries by changing the crowd. I’ve for the most part centered the writer’s consideration around composing a letter to the manager of a nearby network paper or the school paper. You can change the task by requesting that understudies compose a letter to the head, to an instructor, to the educational committee, to the representative, to a state congressperson (or comparable legislator), to the city board, to their cohorts, to the PTA president (or different officials, etc. Undergrads may keep in touch with understudies going to the secondary school that they moved on from. 1. [School Uniforms] There has been an issue in neighborhood schools with control and brutality. Your educational committee has chosen to initiate a school uniform approach so as to eliminate these issues, in view of the positive models that they have seen at different schools. What is your situation on this issue? Compose a letter to the proofreader of your neighborhood paper expressing your situation on this issue and supporting it with persuading reasons. 2. [Locker Searches/Personal Searches] The head at your school has initiated irregular storage and rucksack/bookbag scans to check for firearms, blades, and different weapons. Anybody got with these weapons will be quickly suspended. The chief contends that the arbitrary ventures won't just protection from against unlawful weapons at school however will likewise will assist understudies with feeling more secure. What is your situation on this issue? Compose a letter to the editorial manager of your neighborhood paper expressing your position and supporting it with persuading reasons. 3. [Too Much Homework] Some of the guardians at your school have begun a battle to confine the schoolwork that educators can allocate to understudies. Instructors at your school have contended that the schoolwork is essential. What is your position? Compose a letter to the supervisor of your neighborhood paper expressing your position and supporting it with persuading reasons. 4. [Censorship] Your neighborhood open library has gone under analysis for permitting supporters younger than 18 to look at books that are unsuitable. The books are either unequivocal, portray realistic brutality, or utilize sketchy language. Most as of late, a secondary school senior looked at James Joyce’s Ulysses. The student’s guardians didn't support of the understudy perusing the book and grumbled to the town gathering. Therefore, the board is thinking about expelling every single flawed book from the library. What is your situation on this issue? Compose a letter to the manager of your nearby paper expressing your position and supporting it with persuading reasons. 5. [Litter] A litter issue has created on your school’s grounds. Understudies are tossing junk on the ground, leaving void soft drink jars and jugs outside on seats, and dropping napkins and other refuse on the cafeteria floor instead of conveying them to the waste can. Your chief has requested that understudies take more consideration, however the litter issue continues. The chief has responded by dropping all after-school exercises until the issue is dealt with. What is your situation on this issue? Compose a letter to the proofreader of your nearby paper expressing your position and supporting it with persuading reasons. 6. [New Highway Exit] The state has made an arrangement to add a subsequent interstate exit to assist customers with getting to a bustling shopping center. The main issue is that the new leave will move the frontage road 500 yards more like a close by primary school. Educators and guardians at the school grumble that drawing the street nearer will build clamor at the school and give superfluous interruptions. The state organizers have included security wall to help cut down on the issues, however the dissenters are unsatisfied. What is your situation on this issue? Compose a letter to the manager of your neighborhood paper expressing your position and supporting it with persuading reasons. 7. [Computers in the Classroom] As a feature of another innovation activity, your nearby school region is expanding the quantity of PCs in each school. The region plan accommodates two PCs in each study hall. Educators at your school are campaigning rather to put all the PCs together, making two PC based study halls with the goal that all understudies in a class can work at the PCs together, instead of just each or two understudies in turn. The area is stressed over the extra expense of making and keeping up these unique study halls and is worried about how access to the homerooms can be given reasonably and productively. What is your situation on this issue? Compose a letter to the proofreader of your neighborhood paper expressing your perspective and supporting it with persuading reasons. 8. Bilingual Education] As a major aspect of a proposed instructive activity in your state, neighborhood school regions are answerable for giving required courses in both English language and Spanish language so as to build the accomplishment of their projects. Since your state has an enormous populace of Spanish speakers, the state instruction division accepts that training these understudies in their first language will assist them with learning better and all the more rapidly. In light of the constrained spending plan, in any case, the nearby educational committee is worried that they will most likely be unable to give the extra educators or preparing required for this program. They dread that they will lose state subsidizing and accreditation despite the fact that 90% of the district’s understudies breeze through their accomplishment assessments on the main attempt. What is your situation on this issue? Compose a letter to the supervisor of your neighborhood paper expressing your perspective and supporting it with persuading reasons. 9. [Grade Scale Change] One of the science instructors at your school has chosen to transform from a ten-point grade scale (100 to 90 is an A, 89 to 80 is a B, and so forth ) to a seven-point grade scale (100 to 93 is an A, 92 to 85 is a B, and so on. ). The educator is attempting to urge understudies to invest more energy into their classes by raising the necessities. What is your situation on this issue? Compose a letter to the proofreader of your neighborhood paper expressing your position and supporting it with persuading reasons. 10. [Online Schools] The state division of instruction has given subsidizing to an exploratory online school. All the classes will happen on the Internet, utilizing email, online visit, and the internet. The understudies taking classes at this new online school will never meet each other vis-à-vis. They will just communicate online with one another and with their instructors. The state is trusting this program will give more attractive instructive access to understudies in peripheral, provincial zones. Adversaries of the program contend that as a result of their absence of collaboration with different understudies in a conventional homeroom, the understudies who go to this online school won't build up the social abilities that ought to be a segment of their training. What is your situation on this issue? Compose a letter to the manager of your neighborhood paper expressing your situation on this issue and supporting it with persuading reasons. The most effective method to refer to Writing Prompts, Papers

Feudalism In France Essay Example For Students

Feudalism In France Essay FranceIntroductionFrance, which is the biggest nationin Western Europe, is a presidential republic. France is a very importantnation in Europe and it keeps on being associated with contemporary policyissues. Helping the world as one of the incredible exchanging countries, Franceis a significant exchanging accomplice with the United States. Not onlyis France critical to the United States, they are likewise essential to countriesall over the world. Their plenitude of both mineral and agriculturalresources make them a significant provider of items all over theworld. I decided to give an account of France since it is an intriguing countyand I needed to become familiar with it. GeographyFrance is situated in Western Europeand has a region of roughly 211,000 square miles. Along withbeing the capital, Paris is additionally the biggest city in France. Spainborders France in the south, Italy and Switzerland in the east, and Germany,Luxembourg, and Belgium in the upper east. The French Alps are locatedin the east where snow topped pinnacles, for example, Mont. Blanc reach heightsof 15,781 feet. Around one-portion of Frances absolute fringe is formedby coastline, with the Mediterranean Sea on the Southeast and the Atlanticand the English Channel on the west and northwest. Numerous waterways andcanals go through France framing a tremendous system, integrating distinctive regionsand urban areas. The Seine is the countrys biggest navigableriver. It streams northwest from eastern France through the city ofParis, and purges into the channel at Le Harre. The Rhone Riveris the biggest in the nation as far as volume of release. Alongwith its tributaries, it depletes the French Alpine district. AlthoughFrance has numerous waterways, it just has a couple of lakes. One of the lakesin France is Lake Geneva (otherwise called Lake Leman), however in lies mainlyin Switzerland. France is luxuriously blessed with anexcellent equalization of both mineral and farming assets. Thenation produces considerable measures of iron metal. Furthermore, Francehas sizable stores of antimony magnesium, pyrites, tungsten, salt, potash,radioactive materials, lead and zinc. Coal mining has diminished significantlysince the 1960s, the same number of mines have been drained and are currently shut. Right now, the creation of gaseous petrol and sulfur is being created. HistoryFrance has one of the most complete recordsof mankind's history in the entirety of Europe. Archeologists have uncoveredartifacts that are over 100,000 years of age. During the sixteenth century, Protestantismspread across France prompting various strict and common wars. The wars between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics came about in themassacre of nearly 3,000 Protestants in Paris just before St. BartholomewsDay in 1572. The statecraft of such illustrious consultants as the cardinalsRichelieu and Mazarin helped France in turning into the best influence in Europeduring the seventeenth century. Tragically, crushes in a progression of costlyforeign wars during the eighteenth century made France free a considerable lot of theiroverseas regions, and brought the nation close to chapter 11. In1789 upset toppled the King, Louis XVI, and announced the rightsof man. The French Revolution took a wicked turn and finished in a weakgovernment of five chiefs. France before long fell into the hands ofNapoleon Bonaparte, who administered from 1799-1814, first as emissary, at that point asemperor. Napoleons outlandish military endeavors finished in 1815 withhis defeat. A restricted government was reestablished and, with the exceptionof a concise republican per iod (1848-52), achieved the making of theThird Republic. After WWI, an opposition movementknown as Free France was composed in Britain under the administration of GeneralCharles de Gaulle. Partnered and Free French powers freed Francein 1944. Parliamentary majority rules system was reestablished to France under theFourth Republic. Another expensive war against patriot guerrillasin Algeria and other French provinces during the 1950s brought an end tothe Fourth Republic. In 1958, Gaulle returned as leader of theFifth Republic. In 1981, France chose its first Socialist president,Francois Mitterand, who served 2 terms until 1995. Frances currentpresident, chose in 1995, is Jacques Chirac. .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .postImageUrl , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:hover , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:visited , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:active { border:0!important; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:active , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u454158f8ed ba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Socrates and Maintaining a Harmony What is Right an EssayPeopleOne of the things that make France sounique is the individuals that live there. Because of the current concernswith bringing in cash and being effective, more individuals are working in Francethan ever previously. Extraordinary accentuation is being put on effectiveness. Some state that France has been Americanized. This is on the grounds that the UnitedStates is a world image of the mechanical society and its consumerproducts. Since the 1940s, the French populationhas been developing at a quick rate. The latest gauge of Francespopulation is 58,804,944 individuals. This midpoints out

Top 3 Misconceptions About Stress Management

Top 3 Misconceptions About Stress Management Stress Management Print Top 3 Misconceptions About Stress Management By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on July 29, 2019 OJO Images/Getty Images More in Stress Management Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Stress is a universal experience â€" an unavoidable part of being human â€" but too much-unmanaged stress can take a heavy toll on health and wellbeing. Stress levels are rising in recent years, and an effective method of stress management is becoming a must for most people. Being bright, health-conscious people, many of us are learning more about stress and how to effectively manage it. However, certain misconceptions about stress and stress management still persist, and these misconceptions tend to negatively impact many people’s ability to relieve stress in their lives. The following are some of the most common â€" and most damaging â€" stress-related misconceptions I hear. Stress Management Is All About Eliminating Stress From Your Life Many, if not most, of the people I talk to about stress, tend to think that stress management is tantamount to cutting out everything in life that brings stress. Yes, this is an important aspect of stress management, but no, this is not the entire goal. The truth is that it would be neither possible nor desirable to eliminate all stress from one’s life. For one thing, we need at least some stress in our lives in order to optimally function; we need a challenge in order to grow. Also, there is a subtype of the stressor (known as eustress) that is actually beneficial for your health and vitality, provided you do not experience excessive doses of it. Finally, it would not be possible to cut out all stress, and you would likely create more stress for yourself if you tried! Why This Misconception Is Damaging: If you believe that cutting out all stress is the goal, you will miss out of the benefits of other forms of stress management. You may also create higher levels of stress for yourself in working toward a goal that is impossible to reach. A Better Approach: It is healthier to accept that stress is a part of life, and then work to eliminate what you can and develop strategies to manage the stressors you cannot eliminate from your life. With the Right Attitude, You Never Need to Feel Stressed Many people believe that the right attitude is the only difference between a stressed person and a serene one. There is a fair number of books and experts who support this idea. Don’t get me wrongâ€"a shift in attitude can make a very significant difference in stress levels. However, too much stress does take a toll, even if it is experienced as “challenging” rather than “threatening, even if you approach it head-on and overcome it, even if you have the best attitude in the world and experience the situation as a positive one. If your situation requires a response and it takes any effort to maintain emotional equilibrium (if you are aware that you are facing a challenge), the stress does still take a toll, though not necessarily to the same degree. Why This Misconception Is Damaging: People may mistakenly believe that if they just had a better attitude, none of the challenging experiences they face could make an impact, therefore, they aren’t working hard  enough to stay positive; this belief can lead to negative self-assessment. They might also fail to recognize and manage the effects of stress they are under (until the damage is already done) if they don’t experience themselves as “stressed. A Better Approach: Still work on maintaining a positive attitude and thinking about your life in a strengths-based way. But remember that even too much of the good-for-you kind of stress can take a physical toll, and take extra care of your body when you are facing challenges in lifeâ€"even if you don’t “feel” stressed. Just Learn the Right Techniques and Your Stress Will Be Gone Stress management techniques like exercise, meditation, and positive thinking can minimize your experience of stress and create resilience toward stress as well. However, no technique can completely eliminate the stress you may experience in life. Why This Misconception Is Damaging: If people expect any stress management technique to eliminate all stress, or even work well in every circumstance, they may decide that the technique is just not working for them and give up. They might also think there is something “wrong” with them that they still feel stressed, and become discouragedâ€"and even more stressed. A Better Approach: Bear in mind that all stress cannot be eliminated, even with the best techniques â€" and this is okay. (Remember what we were talking about earlier, about how you need some stress in your life to remain healthy and happy?) Keep in mind that stress management is about maintaining equilibrium â€" handling what comes along and getting to a place where you are doing what needs to be done and at peace with it. Stressors may temporarily throw you off-balance a bit, but stress relief techniques are there to help you get back to a place of feeling calm and balanced again; the key thing to remember is that it sometimes requires a little work to get back in balance after a stressor hits, particularly if it’s something big like the end of a relationship, the loss of a job, a major illness, or a death in the family. Some stressors are inevitable, and stress management techniques cannot prevent this, but they can help us to better cope. An important final note is that stress management techniques can be wonderfully effective, but they need to be practiced in order to be helpful â€" you cannot take a class in meditation, for example, and then reap the rewards for the rest of your life without actually practicing meditation regularly. Likewise is true with exercise, visualizations, breathing exercises, and other effective techniques. They can bring resilience toward stress, but they do not entirely block out all the negative effects of stress. (Still, these stress management techniques bring enough benefits that it really is worth practicing them as regularly as you are able to.) The right techniques can help, but they do not stop all stress, and they need to be practiced regularly.

Occipital Lobes and Visual Perception

The occipital lobes are one of the four main lobes or regions of the cerebral cortex. These lobes are vital for receiving, processing, and interpreting sensory information. The occipital lobes are positioned at the posterior region of the cerebral cortex and are the main centers for visual processing. In addition to the occipital lobes, posterior portions of the parietal lobes and temporal lobes are also involved in visual perception. Location Directionally, the occipital lobes are positioned posterior to the  temporal lobes  and inferior to the  parietal lobes. They are located in the largest  division of the brain  known as the forebrain (prosencephalon). Located within the occipital lobes is the primary visual cortex. This region of the brain receives visual input from the retina. These visual signals are interpreted in the occipital lobes. Function The occipital lobes are involved in several functions of the body including: Visual PerceptionColor RecognitionReadingReading ComprehensionDepth PerceptionRecognition of Object Movement The occipital lobes receive and interpret visual information. Vision is the ability to detect images of visible light. The eyes transmit this information via nerve impulses to the visual cortex. The visual cortex takes this information and processes it so that we are able to determine colors, identify objects, identify shapes, and other aspects of visual perception. The visual information is then sent to the parietal lobes and temporal lobes for further processing. The parietal lobes use this visual information in conjunction with motor processes to perform such tasks as opening a door or brushing your teeth. The temporal lobes help to connect the visual information received with memories. Occipital Lobe Injuries Damage to the occipital lobes may result in a number of vision-related problems. Some of these issues include the inability to discern colors, vision loss, visual hallucinations, inability to identify words, and distorted visual perception.

Digital Evidence Admissibility - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2551 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Law Examination Q3: Outline and discuss the factors which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence Answers: Admissible Evidence Before determine the admissibility of the computer-generated or computer stored evidence, we should know an evidence of what conditions are needed to meet is an admissible evidence. Gerald and Kathleen Hillgave us a definition of admissible evidence: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  evidence which the trial judge finds is useful in helping the trier of fact (a jury if there is a jury, otherwise the judge), and which cannot be objected to on the basis that it is irrelevant, immaterial, or violates the rules against hearsay and other objections. Sometimes the evidence which a person tries to introduce has little relevant value (usually called probative value) in determining some fact, or prejudice from the jurys shock at gory details may outweigh that probative value. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Digital Evidence Admissibility" essay for you Create order In criminal cases the courts tend to be more restrictive on letting the jury hear such details for fear they will result in undue prejudice. Thus, the jury may only hear a sanitized version of the facts in prosecutions involving violence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  So as the Gerald and Kathleen Hill said all of the evidence must be related the case and must be competent. This kind of evidence will have the admissibility. In the definition of the admissible evidence, they did not mention the format of the evidence. That means the admissibility of computer-generated and computer stored evidence should be considered if the digital evidence is related the case and the digital evidence with high reliability. In the other word if the evidence has probative value, the evidence will have admissibility. In todays information age the number of computer-related crime increased very fast we cannot deny the probative value of digital evidence. Because computer-generated or computer stored evidence h ave probative value. So this kind of evidence can be describe as ordinary evidence, and ordinary rules of evidence can be applied on digital evidence. The factors which will determine the admissibility of digital evidence According to the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 402, relevant evidence is admissible. So the factor of determine the admissibility of digital evidence is whether the evidence relevant or not. But it is not enough to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence because computer-generated or computer stored evidence has his own unique nature. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The unique nature of digital evidence, as well as the ease with which it can be manipulated or falsified, creates hurdles to admissibility not faced with other evidence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Hon. Alan Pendleton said. So in many computer-related cases the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence was always called into question. When the admissibil ity if computer-generated or computer stored evidence was called into question the court should use the analytical framework to analysis the admissibility of the digital evidence. Pursuant to Minnesota Judicial Training Update 13-11 the analytical framework should be the four step à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“STEP 1: EXHIBIT MUST BE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“AUTHENTICATED OR IDENTIFIEDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  STEP 2: DOES EXHIBIT CONSITUTE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“HEARSAY OR NON-HEARSAYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  STEP 3: MUST BE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“RELEVANTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  AND NOT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“UNFAIRLY PREJUDICIALà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  STEP 4: MUST NOT CONSTITUTE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“PRIVILEGEDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  COMMUNICATIONà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Although this four-step are used to verify admissibility of general evidence, these four-step can also be used to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence. Because computer-generated or computer stored evidence is a part of the evidence. Authenticated or identi fied Authenticated means the third party will provide a lot of evidence to prove the finding digital evidence in question is what the provider said it to be. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The most common method of authentication is the use of testimony by a witness with knowledge that the exhibit is what it claims to be. Minn. R. Evid. 9.01(b)(2). And in the Minn. R. Evid 9.01 list other 9 methods. But there are two types of authentication of digital evidence one is self-authenticating the other one is not self-authenticating. Pursuant to Minn. R. Evid. 9.02(5) information that from government website is self-authenticating. On the other hand private website are not self-authenticating. In the Mini. R. Evid it just mentioned what kind of web site information is self-authenticating what kind of web site information is not self-authenticating. But in another word government website that means public information, private website that means private information. So we can summarized as follow s: Public evidence is self-authenticating, and private information is not self-authenticating. So computer-generated or computer stored evidence should be divided into two situations, one is self-authenticating one is not self-authenticating. In certain circumstances computer-generated data is constant. For example the size of the hard disk. We can believe this kind of computer-generated data is self-authenticating data. But in most situation computer-generated or computer stored evidence requires authentication. For example computer-generated material is generated by computer itself such as the size of the file, last modify time of the file, last access time of the file and so on. Pursuant to Minn. R. Evid(b)(9) the process of authentication is two-fold à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(1) A description of the system or process to produce a particular result, and (2) Evidence showing that the process or system produces an accurate result. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  However, because the unique n ature of digital evidence can be manipulated or falsified the questions of reliability of the digital evidence are often hotly disputed, the requirement to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“authenticateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is usually the most difficult to overcome. Hearsay or Non-hearsay (The computer has first-hand information) Hearsay rule is a very important rule in rules of evidence. According to this rule only the testimony of the person who knows the fact that can be accept. Because only this kind of person can be at the trial. If this rule is applied to the document evidence that will means if the document writer cannot testify for the document, the document cannot be an evidence. For the computer-generated or computer stored evidence, the evidence writer is computer itself and people cannot interrogate computer, so the computer-generated or computer stored evidence will not be accepted. This is obviously unreasonable so the legislature add another rule in the hearsay rule for computer-related evidence. That is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“first hand hearsay generally admissible in civil casesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  theCivil Evidence Act 1968. In another word people who have first-hand information produce the document, this document has admissibility, even if the people do not appear in court. According to this rule the computer-generated or computer stored evidence has admissibility if we can prove this computer has the first-hand information. So the one factor which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence is determining the first-hand information stored inside on this computer or generated by this computer. Must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Relevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unfairly prejudicialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  As I mentioned before according to the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 402, relevant evidence is admissible. So the first step to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence is prove that there is a logical relationship between the evidence and the case. There is a simple example to understand the relevance, when kidnapping case happened, the investigator find there is a threatening e-mail in the mailbox of the family of the victims. The threatening e-mail is clearly associated with the cases. This kind of computer evidence is admissible. If the investigator find some photos of victimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ family, the photos and the case has no relevance. So this kind of evidence is not admissible. In Minn. R. Evid. 401 another rule of relevant evidence is as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Relevant evidence means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of a fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  So even if relevant, evidence may be unfairly prejudicial. And this kind of evidence is not admissible. This rule also applies in the computer evidence, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if the computer-generated or computer stored evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This kind of evidence is unfairly prejudicial. So another factor which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence is check the evidence if it is unfairly prejudicial. Must not constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  communication M.S. 595.02, subdivision. 1 competency of witnesses, identifies various communications. For example à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a husband cannot be examined for or against his wife without her consent, nor a wife for or against her husband without his consent, nor can either, during the marriage or afterwards, without the consent of the other, be examined as to any communication made by one to the other during the marriage.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  And M.S 595.02 also provide some other communications like communications between attorney and client, communication between doctor and patient and so on. Because of this factor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Must not constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , when we try to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence we should check if the evidence against this rule. For example litigation between husband and wife, the husband get the digital evidence came from his wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s co mputer (computer-generated or computer stored evidence) without his wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consent. This kind of evidence is not admissible. But TJ McIntyre said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Particularly in family law cases it can be very easy for a litigant to (illegally) access the laptop, webmail or other electronic information of the other side to collect ammunition for use at trial. This presents interesting legal issues as to when such evidence will be admissible, despite the way in which it was obtained.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  According to the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 402, relevant evidence is admissible. Obviously the evidence is relevance. But on the basis that it was obtained illegally and in breach of the constitutional right to privacy of the respondent. Problem of determine the admissibility of computer evidence Now the factors which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Exhibit must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aut henticated or identifiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“does exhibit constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hearsay or non-hearsayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ the evidence must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unfairly prejudicialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the evidence must not constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The court can according to evidence provided to determine the evidence is relevant or not. The court has formulated a rule against the hearsay rule, protect the probative of computer evidence. But now in the computer-relate evidence area still have big problems of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“authenticationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Authentication Computer-generated or computer stored evidence can be easily modified, destroyed, deleted, and transferred. The reliability of computer evidence always be called into question. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  communication As TJ McIntyre saidbefore à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Particularly in family law cases it can be very easy for a litigant to (illegally) access the laptop, webmail or other electronic information of the other side to collect ammunition for use at trial. This presents interesting legal issues as to when such evidence will be admissible, despite the way in which it was obtained.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  If this kind of evidence is admissible. That means legal encourage people to illegally obtain private information of others. Conclusion Now the authentication of electronic evidence issues to be resolved slowly. So many digital forensics tools be built to do investigation. And now we just need a standard format to describe the digital evidence, use the software to test the difference between the original data and digital evidence and then got the reliability of the evidence. But this method based on the good preservation of the original data. If the original data be changed or destroyed we need a mor e underlying technology to find out the trace of changes. Use the trace of changes as an evidence. About the privileged communication problem. We cannot deny the probative of the computer evidence that has been find. We cannot ignoring some evidence especially the evidence can prove the facts of the crime. But we do not allow someone to use the illegal way to obtain evidence. Because this kind of action violate the personal privacy. Under the premise of not denying the admissibility of digital evidence obtained illegally, we should give the one who obtain the evidence illegally penalties according to law and admit the admissibility of the digital evidence. Q4: What challenges does the growth of electronic discovery present for legal systems? A long time ago, people use paper to create, transmit and storage information. But in the information age the creation, transmission, storage of digital information has generated an exponential increase in number of electronic informati on records. For example people can communicate with each by email, messages, and cellphone it will produce a lot digital information, as a result, the volume of electronically stored information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ESIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) has increased exponentially over the last decade that are potentially relevant to a legal dispute. The electronic discovery develop very fast. But electronic discovery laws in various countries are still behind. The rapid development of electronic bring a lot of challenges to legal systems. Cost A large amount of information produced by people frequently is costly and time-consuming to identify, preserve and produce what can often amount to thousands or even millions of electronic records. Moreover, the traditional adversarial approach to civil discovery only tends to foster additional delay and motion practice where electronically stored information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ESIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) is concerned, further contributing to excessive litigation c osts. As mentioned above a large amount of information produced by people. If we do the electronic discovery a lot of information should be discovered, it will cost a lot of money. And electronically stored information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ESIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) is different from paper document, it often changes over time. Because of the rapid development of the information technology. Many digital information update automatically, they can be overwritten, and transmitted. If do the electronic discovery the high costs and burdens of conducting e-discovery are driven not only by the sheer volume of available ESI, but by its wide dispersal and complexity. For example, e-mail accumulates in prodigious quantities, in part because it can be shared, forwarded, and replicated among many different users. Similarly, a specific electronic document can reside in multiple locations: a hard drive, network server, laptop, blackberry, disaster recovery backup media, etc. In addition, ESI is much more difficult to dispose of than paper records. A shredded paper document is virtually irretrievable, but a deleted computer file can sometimes be recovered, albeit with some difficulty, through forensic methods. The digital revolution also has created new types of evidence not previously presented in litigation, including E-Z pass records, ATM records, and smart cards with embedded data such as Metro cards. We can conclude that the procedures of electronic discovery are on the basis of costs and burdens. ESI costs arise for three reasons: The volume of data can dwarf anything in hard copy. 2Information can be in different media, with costs involved in furnishing it in an accessible form. 3Independent technological assistance may be required. Rules of Order 31 attempt to limit expenses and introduce parity between the parties and take saving costs into consideration. The aim of the new rules is to share the burden of producing in bulk, documents which may or may not be necessary. Sometimes a third party may be appointed by the courts to identify the relevant, in this case, the cost is initially borne by the applicant, but is recoverable as costs in the cause. In my point, its better if the law require parties to share the expenses with reasonable reasons. However, its the duty of the applicant to undertake extra costs if the applicant makes extra requirements on electronic discovery.

Enterprise rent a car Free Essays

Enterprise Rent-A-Car has defined its service much differently than that of the typical national car rental companies. Their idea and technique of personal service, by treating the customers like neighbors more so than clients is what makes this company so unique and successful. They are industry leaders in fleet size and market presence. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterprise rent a car or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company’s president, Andy Taylor, stated in his motto â€Å"if you put the customers first they will be satisfied and come back, followed by employees who are well informed and part of a team atmosphere. If you put the customers and employees first the bottom line will happen†. The company’s service concept focuses on three key benefits for the customer. The first benefit is their enormous form of convenience due to nearby locations. Second, the luxury of being picked up and dropped off at one’s own home, office, or repair shop – free of charge. Third, are their outstanding rates that cannot be beat, as well as their exceptional selection of vehicles. 2. Enterprise Rent-A-Car possesses several advantageous features that give hem a leg up on the competition. Since the beginning, their market focus has been on the replacement segment. This includes customers who need a car because of an accident, routine maintenance, or theft. In addition is the discretionary segment, which includes people who use their services for short business, leisure, and other special occasion trips. The company’s â€Å"pick up and drop off’ feature is what sets them above their competition. Enterprise Rent-A-Car has offices located within 15 minutes of 90% of the U. S. opulation – a highlight of their extreme focus on convenience. Although Enterprise Rent-A-Car offers a lot of the same choice in car selection as other companies, their main objective is to keep the customer entirely satisfied. As it was from the start according to Andy Taylor, their loyalty to customers is the key reason why so much of the Enterprise’s energy goes into recruiting, hiring, and training a well-informed and helpful staff of personnel. 3. The service profit chain model can be used to emphasize the success of Enterprise Rent-A-Car as a whole. The first part of the model is the internal service quality, which describes the environment in which employee’s work, the selection and development, rewards and recognition, access to information to serve the customers’ needs, and Job design. This goes back to Taylor’s idea of keeping a happy, well-informed staff that will provide the best service possible. The employee’s loyalty to the company will shine through in their service and output quality by tending to the customers’ needs in an efficient and effective manner. The result is satisfied customers and an overall increase in profitability for the company. Enterprise Rent-A-Car’s technique in hiring practices targets the young college student; one who generally has been a part of an organization such as a sporting team or fraternitysorority. This is primarily because of hisher ability to be a â€Å"people person†: someone able to speak well to service managers in addition to calm down a customer who has Just been in an accident. A strong devoted group of employees is what makes up the internal service of the ompany. According to the service profit chain model, this subsequently leads to the service value, which drives customer satisfaction. Customer value is measured by comparing results received to the total costs incurred in obtaining the service. The all time high – increasing their service value and lowering their costs. The staff of Enterprise Rent-A-Car exudes hospitality, which is necessary when performing a service and expecting satisfied customers. Despite their highly personalized service, Enterprise Rent-A-Car offers rates that are often 30% lower than those of its competitors. The service concept and the company’s ever growing success is causation of their customer loyalty. Their service to meet the targeted customers’ needs is what results in lifetime value, retention, and referrals. As of today, the company has over 12 million vehicles and annual revenue of $14. 1 billion. This fact in itself displays how the service profit chain model has worked for this company throughout their many years in existence. How to cite Enterprise rent a car, Papers

Objections Qualitative Research Interviews -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Objections Qualitative Research Interviews? Answer: Introduction Certain projects require involvement of formal power relationship which are generally crucial in nature generally contribute to context within the behavior which is generally played by projects. The most important thing to notice in the establishment of relationship between buyer and seller (Cooke-Davies, 2011). Buyer is generally present at the output of project and seller generally manages delivery at the output. The study mainly focusses on performance of project which is there when there is higher degree of collaboration between buyer and seller and sponsor and project work manager who together work in a partnership (Jackson, 2015). With large number of complex projects, the potential difference generally arises from relationship which are problematic and it has multiple layers of hierarchy which is generally involved in some version of principal agent kind of relationship. This chapter mainly focusses on the senior and responsible managers who at regular interval makes practice of deliberate deception. This chapter focused on the suggestion that human behavior should only lie mainly at the heart of studies related to project management, only if the complexity of projects is easily understandable (Kvale, 2014). Human society is nothing but a network of various kinds of lies and deception which would easily collapse under weight of honesty. Feedback can be considered to be an important tool in the field of management which is considered in every aspect of the business domain regardless of industry and employees. Feedback is a vital tool which is needed for growth and sustain in any industry of business, regardless of industry and employees (Larson and Gray, 2013). Feedback in other words can be defined as the evaluation of correct information about an action or process for controlling of sources. Both positive and negative feedback is considered to be a successful development and continuous growth of business entity or any kind of employee. Positive feedback generally checks or analyzes the right about the evaluation of a subject and can easily be conveyed through verbal expression related to formal type of commendation which can be in the form of increase in salary, bonus or various kinds of opportunities. On the contrary negative feedback generally focus on the points that what is not working in a proper way or what is failing to achieve the desired or output kind of result. There are certain number of difference between negative feedback and criticism. Criticism can be easily defined as adverse kind of judgement and the ultimate goal of negative feedback is to provide help. When feedback is not favorable then it is delivered in a constructive way which is used for improvisation. It is generally the responsibility of leaders of organization or project make use of feedback tool for improvising proficiency and growth associated with it. The ten chapter that is aspect of complexity focus on particular one account which can be used for relatively well defining of complex and certain number of attempts which can be easily used for complex project and attempts after that analyzing the structure. This particular model or method is known as system dynamics (Rose, 2012). This model is a well-known fact which is used for understanding the complexities of various kinds of projects. This model generally originated from research world which has generally two differences. Firstly, there are important for analyzing the increasing importance of various kinds of projects. It has certain number of certain models which have variables that cannot be quantify easily. Various kinds of research often focus on software variables which can easily determine the nature of project model which have become less acceptable in nature. The second management focus on the fact projects which mainly takes certain number of action that focus on late running or overspending of various kinds of action which are generally under control. Mathematical model has made a large amount of contribution which is generally used for understanding the contribution in various kinds of demonstration and quantification of effects which are generally unexpected which will ultimately provide empirical evidence and various kinds of experience (Schwalbe, 2015). System dynamic model sometimes focus on some of the interesting models which can be used for easily fitting into the conventional type of project management. The SD models helps us in analyzing the reason behind the failure in various kinds of projects. It mainly addresses on the various kinds of complexity especially in complex combination and uncertainty of goals and various kinds of ways for achieving those typical goals. References Cooke-Davies, T., 2011, August. Aspects of complexity: Managing projects in a complex world. Project Management Institute. Jackson, J.,2015. Telling the truth.Journal of medical ethics,17(1), pp.5-9. Kvale, S., 2014. Ten standard objections to qualitative research interviews.Journal of phenomenological psychology,25(2), pp.147-173. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C., 2013.Project management: The managerial process with MS project. McGraw-Hill. Rose, K.H., 2012. Aspects of Complexity: Managing Projects in a Complex World.Project Management Journal,43(3), pp.77-77. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. bonus or various kinds of opportunities.

Advertisements and De Destruction essays

Advertisements and De Destruction essays In the movie, Advertising and the end of the world, Sut Jhally talks about how advertising is affecting the world negatively. In the beginning of the movie Jhally talks about advertising as a culture. And how physical and simple things dont apply. Jhally stated that if an anthropologist came from mars and based our culture off of advertisements, they would think that we believe in magic, and that normal doesnt apply to us. Some advertisements even come into our personal lives and change our culture. He gives DeBeers as an example of how they have intruded into our lives. Later, Jhally talks about how the advertisements show people as being happy if we buy the product. Advertising tells us that the more we buy the happier we are going to be. Jhally gave us some statistics that show our happiness levels and our wealth levels. And our wealth has gone up but our happiness has stayed the same. Jhally then discusses a survey that they did, and asked people what made them happy. More often than not people said social things and not physical things. Social things are like friends, families, autonomy control, romance, self esteem, and relaxation. Physical things are like economic status, and houses. In the movie Jhally says that products cant provide you with social things, only material. Advertisements are used everywhere. And each one was expensive to make, ads are more expensive per thirty seconds than the biggest blockbuster hit. Jhally gave an example of Jurassic Park and how much it cost in comparison to an advertisement. The movie was something like 236 thousand dollars every thirty seconds an the commercials averaged at about 247 thousand dollars. An example he gave for commercials going to extremes, was the Timex commercial where they flew set builders in from England to the Red Sea to make a two story model of a watch. Now commercials have to do that sort of thing ...

Free Essays on The Crying of Lot 49

Before the telephone was invented, people wrote letters to each other to stay in touch. Soldiers would write letters to their wives and families conveying their love and, even today, people write letters to better communicate. Writing is a way of expressing yourself, a way to think about what you are feeling and communicate that to other people. In The Crying of Lot 49, Thomas Pynchon has his characters write letters in order for them to better understand each other and also to communicate to the reader what is happening in the novel. Indirectly, Pynchon is also satirizing the importance of letters and written communication because, in the novel, the letters confuse the plot instead of clarifying it. As the novel begins, Oedipa receives a letter that is seemingly clear, yet it is the beginning of a mystery that complicates the story and complicated Oedipaà ­s ability to think clearly. As she finds out more about the mystery of the Tristero, she comes across the W.A.S.T.E. system of mail. This system forces people to write letters even when they have nothing to say and mocks the United States Postal Service. Although this novel seems like an ordinary mystery, its underlying tones of satire, through malfunctioning communication, are prevalent within Oedipa and in the letters that are written between characters and the W.A.S.T.E postal system. Oedipa Maas receives a letter that states that she is the legal executor of her ex-boyfriends estate. It contains pertinent information about what happened and what her duties are. To the reader, this is a point of clarification. Although the letters seems to be concise and to the point, it is the beginning of a big conspiracy that Oedipa will eventually uncover. After she receives the letter, she starts to see weird images that do not seem to be related. She talks about Rapunzel, magic, and Pierce. Its hard to understand why she would have such mysterious images from one letter, but what seems like... Free Essays on The Crying of Lot 49 Free Essays on The Crying of Lot 49 Before the telephone was invented, people wrote letters to each other to stay in touch. Soldiers would write letters to their wives and families conveying their love and, even today, people write letters to better communicate. Writing is a way of expressing yourself, a way to think about what you are feeling and communicate that to other people. In The Crying of Lot 49, Thomas Pynchon has his characters write letters in order for them to better understand each other and also to communicate to the reader what is happening in the novel. Indirectly, Pynchon is also satirizing the importance of letters and written communication because, in the novel, the letters confuse the plot instead of clarifying it. As the novel begins, Oedipa receives a letter that is seemingly clear, yet it is the beginning of a mystery that complicates the story and complicated Oedipaà ­s ability to think clearly. As she finds out more about the mystery of the Tristero, she comes across the W.A.S.T.E. system of mail. This system forces people to write letters even when they have nothing to say and mocks the United States Postal Service. Although this novel seems like an ordinary mystery, its underlying tones of satire, through malfunctioning communication, are prevalent within Oedipa and in the letters that are written between characters and the W.A.S.T.E postal system. Oedipa Maas receives a letter that states that she is the legal executor of her ex-boyfriends estate. It contains pertinent information about what happened and what her duties are. To the reader, this is a point of clarification. Although the letters seems to be concise and to the point, it is the beginning of a big conspiracy that Oedipa will eventually uncover. After she receives the letter, she starts to see weird images that do not seem to be related. She talks about Rapunzel, magic, and Pierce. Its hard to understand why she would have such mysterious images from one letter, but what seems like...

Religion and theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Religion and theology - Essay Example In â€Å"Sustaining preachers and preaching† Lovell & Richardson depict to us the practice of evangelization in our churches by elucidating on the importance of renewal of preaching style. Lovell & Richardson advocate an evangelization style that will endorse dialogical, and one that will hinder authoritarian and stentorian monolog. Thus, Lovell & Richardson coax ministers to inculcate the preaching elegance that is grounded in prayers and scriptures and one that is inspired by the Holy Spirit hence increasing the faith, love that will renew the hope and replenishes of those who hear it. It is central for us to comprehend that preaching must be based on scriptures that are inspired by Holy Spirit that is necessary for increasing our faith and that of the congregation hence rekindling our hope in Jesus Christ. What’s more, they help us understand that preaching is â€Å"truth through personality† and they emphasize this by portraying preaching as a unique form of communication whose sources is God. The authors help us to comprehend that, the perseverance of evangelization is not real to revolutionize the congregation’s awareness about the certain controversial issue but to bring the congregation into the presence of God. Lovell & Richardson see the need for preaching to be renewed hence assisting it to serve the right purpose envisioned by God. The authors also help us apprehend that preachers must take into consideration the existences of diversity in the congregation.

Mexican immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mexican immigration - Essay Example The laws certainly apply to all when they are broken. The federal government, to no one’s surprise, has been no help. For example, the Bush administration has long supported some form of amnesty which has enraged those that are opposed to illegal aliens living, working or going to school in the U.S. On the other hand, the administration also endorses the PATRIOT Act which denies constitutionally guaranteed rights to all people and further punishes immigrants in the effort to win the ‘war on terror.’ The ‘right’ answer escapes the government and many others as well because of the issue’s many complexities. This discussion will examine the immigration debate from a legal, economic and social view. It will present the administration’s answer to the problem along with an opposing opinion. It will also speak to laws germane to the debate including a brief review of the PATRIOT Act, the Fifth Amendment regarding due process and the Fourteenth Amendment which relates to automatic citizenship by birth. While on a recent visit to Arizona, President Bush tried to explain his position on immigration. â€Å"Nobody should be given an automatic citizenship. That’s called amnesty.† Bush’s vision of a ‘path to citizenship’ has been characterized by some as too stringent a requirement for hard-working families who only desire to become citizens by some and pure amnesty, a free pass by others. White House Press Secretary Tony Snow explained illegal aliens allowed to stay under the president’s plan will pay fines and back-taxes, avoid criminal activities and maintain continuous employment. They must remain current with payments of current and future taxes and carry a tamper-proof identification. â€Å"And when all of that is done, you get to go to the back of the line, and you wait, what, 11 years or more for a chance to become a citizen, at the end of which you have to

How Guide Books Help Construct The Tourist Gaze Tourism Essay

How Guide Books Help Construct The Tourist Gaze Tourism Essay How guide books help to construct the tourist gaze and constrain the way tourists see the city. If you really want your life to pass like a movie in front of you, just travel, you can forget your life. Andy Warhol (1975). Tourism is an important aspect in 21st century living as it represents a type of escapism an individual can experience to add spontaneity in ones mundane routine. With mass globalization posing as an ever-growing epidemic, most tourist spots are highly advertised in the media creating what has been known as the tourist gaze. The tourist gaze is summarized very neatly by John Urry (1990), as the process when places are chosen to be gazed upon because there is an anticipation, especially through daydreaming and fantasy, of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices, such as film, TV, literature, magazines, records and videos, which construct and reinforce that gaze This paper will attempt to explore the different factors of how guidebooks in particular help to construct the tourist gaze and also how it may limit the experience one would have of the city. Urry (1990) introduces a wide variety of themes of which will be closely examined in the process of this essay. To be specific to the question the analysis will be closely related to how guide books and therefore, literature as well as magazines, evoke the different senses that help in instilling th e tourist gaze particularly in contemporary London. The tourist experience is very closely mediated by sight, and by the practices of representation that are part and parcel of travel (Crang, 1997). The city of London represents a region full of history, culture, authentic architecture and modern marvels all of which can easily be beautifully captured as a still image and has been greatly advertised in travel guides. london_mix001.jpg Figure 1: Introductory depiction of multiple aspects in London. The Informative Travelers Guide To London introduced the city of London by means of an image, Figure 1. Spots to visit are chosen because of their value as photographic landmarks. A walk through a city or rather tourism in general becomes in effect a search for the photogenic. (Kubalek, 2008) Photography is a powerful means of evoking ones senses. Figure 1 depicts history, culture, and architecture as well as conveys a sense of patriotism all in one effectively edited shot. The tourist gaze is created as the viewer, most likely foreign to the British culture, is thrust into such an exotic world mentally without even having cross the boarder. Tourism is often about the body-as-seen, displaying, performing and seducing visitors with skill, charm, strength, sexuality and so on. (Urry, 2001) Clearly evident in Figure 1 is a depiction of a British guard in the iconic uniform, which forces the on-looker to envision the ceremony of the changing of the guards. The Changing the Guard at Buckingham Palace is a comprehensive guide book that entails history of the ceremony as well as dissects the facts from the different ranks of the soldiers to the intricacies of his uniform. This example involve what MacCannell(1992, 1999) calls a reconstructed ethnicity as well as a staged authenticity clearly because this ceremony is a major tourist attraction for visitors alike. Not only will they experience an act of British nationalism but also catch a glimpse of a national landmark, Buckingham Palace. National histories tell a story, of a people passing through history, a story often beginning in the mists of time (Bhabha, 1990) Included in the aforementioned guide book is a list of places of attraction within a close vicinity to Buckingham Palace, Houses of Parliament, Big Ben, Piccadilly Circus, St James Palace, 10 Downing Street, The Thames, Trafalgar Square and even Hard Rock Cafe, to name just a few of the great London sights that are a stones throw from Buckingham Palace! (Changing of the Guard, 1990) This is an example in how the tourist gaze can pose as a constraint to the visitors experience of the city. Part of the motive for travelling is to experience the photographs on site, in the real (Dyer, 1995). The book subconsciously guides the tourist and therefore his/her liberty to explore the land is controlled. union-jack-333.jpg Figure 2: The 2012 Olympic Games logo International events, premised upon mass tourism and cosmopolitanism, means that national identity is increasingly conceived of in terms of a location within, and on, a global stage. (Urry, 2001). Visit Britain 2012 is synonymous with images such as that depicted in figure 2 and highly advertised with articles relating to the highly anticipated 2012 Olympic games. The visit London 2012 homepage opens with a description of the Olympic Park, The London 2012 Games are the catalyst for transforming 2.5sq km of land in east London. What was once industrial, contaminated land has been rapidly transformed over the past three years.. Rochee (2000) describes these areas as having the power to transform themselves from being mundane placesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ into being there special host city sites that come to occupy a distinct niche within global tourism. The reconstruction of what was once an industrial area into what is portrayed as a place of interest is another way tourist organizations crea te the tourist gaze, by stressing this in tourist manuals they represent the tool that conveys the message. Liberated from the real-world burdens of stores and product manufacturing, brands are free to soar, less as the dissemination of goods and services than as collective hallucinations (Klein, 2000: 22) Product advertising is evident in many travel magazines; one brand in particular that is greatly linked to tourism is the Rimmel franchise. Get the London look! Rimmel claims to be authentic, experimental, fun, accessible to all and uniquely British, offering value for money, with a dash of London glamour. (Rimmel London) By hiring American talent such as actor, Zooey Deschanel as well as musician, Solange Knowles, they represent brand ambassadors who in turn help in the creation of the tourist gaze especially since the advertising has them set in very stereotypical London scenarios, creating again an idealized and stereotypical representations of the place we are visiting (Martwick, 2001) Young aristocrats took Grand Tours in the 17th century primarily for educational reasons, but only since the 1840s did travel start to be of greater interest for a wider part of European society. (Kubalek, 2008) History plays an important part of tourism in general as Roche (2000) explains with the example of the 1851 Great Exhibition at Londons Crystal Palace, the first-ever national tourist event. Although the British population was only 18m, 6m visits were made to the Exhibition, many using the new railways to visit the national capital for the first time. Timeout London. The best of London (2010), has a comprehensive display of the different museums and attractions of which claim to hold great historical and cultural significance to the country. Particularly important in the genealogy of nationalism have also been the founding of national museums and the development of national artists, architects, musicians, playwrights, novelists, historians and archaeologists (McCrone, 1998; K irshenblatt-Giblett, 1998) Also highly publicized in the guide book mentioned earlier is the ever so popular, London Eye observation wheel. The static forms of the tourist gaze, such as that from the balcony vantage point, focuses on the two-dimensional shape, colours and details of the view that is laid out before one and can be moved around with ones eyes (Pratt, 1992: 222) On the wheel the viewer is able to observe Londons other landmarks, for instance the Houses of Parliament, St Pauls Cathedral even The Gherkin. In a sense it gives the viewer the feeling of having some kind of an overview of the city he/she has traveled to (Kubalek, 2008). Although this feeling may be quite rewarding Osborne (2000) explains that the tourist never quite arrives, never completely connects. The significance of other sights interrupts each sight. Every sight signifies all other sights, most still lacking our visit. Kubalek (2008) gives an example to the previous quote by introducing the Southbank, which is the stage for stree t performers. Being right next to the wheel does the static image of watching the view from the wheel contrast to the more interactive experience of walking down the iconic Southbank? Similarly the view through the car windscreen (like the view from one of the rotating glass pods) has also had significant consequences for the nature of the visual glance, enabling the materiality of the city or the landscape to be clearly appreciated (Larsen, 2001) The touristic experience reflects, magnifies and distils everyday life, it infuses the mundane, and vice versa, in relation to the developing and maintaining of an individuals social identities. (McCabe, S., 2002) Consumer psychology, geography and business management studies are essential in the planning of tourism. It is an intentional play by tourist organizations, to make the person believe that their holiday is made by choice, when holiday packages have been planned with great intricacy to benefit the countrys economy. Urry (1990) has found that leisure travel is motivated by a desire to escape ordinary, normal life. The meaningful experiences through travel (MacCannell, 1976) is garnered by a carefully planned plot that guides the tourist in question on a journey that may seem to be of great spontaneity, but is in actual fact carefully planned by greater powers and hence there is clear constraint to the true experience that the tourist encounters. In conclusion, there are many ways tourist guide books create the tourist gaze, be it in ways that may not be seemingly apparent. It is an intricately planned affair of which tourist companies greatly weigh the economic aspects with the environmental as well as the political as so to produce an experience that will create a symbiotic relationship between the visitor, the locals as well as the environment. In order to achieve this, as I have explained in the process if this paper, there are apparent constraints that is embedded psychologically in the minds of the tourist by the way the guide book is presented. They are cumulatively lead to places of interest of which due to careful planning will come to benefit the area economically, socially and sustainably. Tourism is a game, or rather a whole series of games with multiple texts and no single, authentic experience (Urry, 1990) Total words: 1720 words

Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince Essay -- Machiaveli Prince Power Essa

Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince examines the nature of power and his views of power are still somewhat in existence today. I'll discuss this in this essay, emphasizing the following theses. Machiavelli discusses power over the people, dictatorial power, and power with people, shared power. While it is possible for power with to attain greater prevalence in society, it will not completely eliminate power over. In The Prince, Machiavelli discusses two distinct groups of people, the political elite, including nobles and other princes, and the general public. Today in the United States, the first group, the political elite, includes political leaders, religious leaders, business leaders and the leaders of strong lobbying groups. The composition of the general public has changed little from Machiavelli's time. Machiavelli concentrates on relations between the prince and the political elite. He claims that ambition and dictatorial power drive most nobles and princes. A prince must act with dictatorial power in order to maintain his position. Machiavelli assumes that shared power will not be effective with nobles, since "whether men bear affection depends on themselves, but whether they are afraid will depend on what the ruler does" (Machiavelli, p.60-61). Since the nobles are unforgiving and greedy it would be dangerous if not downright suicidal for a prince to rely on their good will. Equally important, Machiavelli states that a prince, a political leader, has different concerns than the general public. For a prince personal actions, which would be considered immoral or unvirtuous, may save lives or help the prince's country. In this way a prince is not immoral, but instead acts with a morality different in nature from the general public. Machiavelli gives several examples of this. Miserliness is considered a fault. Yet, a miserly prince "will come to be considered more generous when it is realized that his revenues are sufficient to defend himself against enemies that attack him, and to undertake campaigns without imposing special taxes on the people" (p.56). Likewise, starting a war is considered an immoral act by many. Yet, a prince should not allow troubles "to develop in order to avoid fighting a war for wars can not really be avoided, but are merely postponed to the advantage of others" (p.11). Avoiding war may ... ... the ugly political process preceding the results has overshadowed positive results like a lower deficit and improved economy. Clinton is neither feared nor loved by his political opposition, making it difficult for him to produce results without great struggles. The one result remembered by many is that Clinton raised taxes, taking away their property. Thus, Clinton has had difficulty with both appearances and results. One might say that in addition to power, a prince in relations needs political skill with the public. For a politician weaving a good story of one's accomplishments is more important than the accomplishments themselves. Machiavelli's idea of power and how it should be handles as he describes in The Prince can still be used to examine the present. While it's possible to see only the negative uses of power, one can also see the potential for power to promote the common good. Machiavelli would argue that attending to the common good is in a prince's best interests, since it gains the support of the people, something more valuable than any fortress or other expression of power. Works Cited: Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. England: Penguin Classics, 1981.

Islamic Studies

ISLAMIC STUDIES Topic:- Islamic Principle Of business And Marketing & Present Business Evils GROUP MEMBERS:- Nauman Mushtaq Raja Hammad Ahmed kiani Farhad Shareef Shamsher Ali Daniyal Haider The teaching of Islam describe that Islam is a complete code of life. Since we talking about business and marketing therefore Islam give brief explanation about it. From the Islamic point of Islamic the first priority of business should be pleasing Allah and establishing Halal as a way of life. Seeking profit is not a bad aim, but it should be secondary.By making Allah the goal, and implementing Islamic rules of honesty, truthfulness, and good behavior with customers, Insha Allah, any Muslim business is bound to boom. Following are the characteristic that should need to present in Islamic business and marketing:- (1)Honesty (2)Trust (3)Fair and Kind (4)Truthfulness (5)Justice HONESTY IN BUSINESS The Holy prophet (pbuh) was declared not only Sadiq and Amin but he was an honest business man. This i s proved by Hazrat Khadija who was richest lady of Makkah. She gave a few things to sell and she sends her servant with him.But Holy Prophet (pbuh) proved his honesty brilliantly. Honesty is needed in everything we do. From the domestic work of daily routine or office work to studies, honesty makes the real difference. Honesty makes it easy for us to survive because an honest person is truthful and such a person does not fell into any trouble. The sad fact of the present day is the lack of honesty in people. Lies, and dishonesty has become standard in everyday matters and it is a common perception that no one can get rid of them now.This point of view is wrong, why cannot we live like honest humans? If one thinks that honesty cannot be achieved or truthfulness is a dream now this is wrong, just by practicing Islam truly in its true spirit we can achieve all this without devising any special plans or any complex system of morals. The world today is a big business hub, i. e. it is a b usiness market now. There are some main stock exchanges that control the money inflow and out flow of the world for example, wall street etc. these stock exchanges are actually business centers where whole world trades.Unfortunately, with the Jewish intervention in the business and introduction of riba in business, there has left no honesty and no halal money in the business any more. The best examples of the honesty in business are the prophets of Islam. From Quran we learn that prophet Yusuf a. s. used to look after the financial matters of the state as His own choice. That’s why It is called that honesty is the best policy, indeed honesty is the best policy. When a business man is honest, he will never sell a low quality product and will never earn unjustified profit.Thus, an honest business man will be God fearing and will never ever dodge his customers over the selling. An honest business man will never like to go for unjust means to increase his earnings neither will he ever like to give bribes or accept bribes thus with honesty in business, the curses of bribery and riba can be shunned. Hazrat abu bakar siddique r. a was one of the best and honest business men of Arabia. He was very rich and his financial as well as moral help was appreciated by Muhammad s. a. w. w as well. He was much honored in his region because he was honest in business.There are several examples in the Muslim world who did not only do business honestly but also earned much more than those who like to earn black money. In honest business ALLAH gives His blessings, thus honesty indeed is the best policy. The Prophet has said the honest and truthful businessman will be in Jannah amongst the Prophets the Truthful and the martyrs. Honesty and truthfulness are essential in this business. And when it comes to Muslim businesses, it means building a relationship of trust with customers, which cannot be done with lies and eceit. The Holy Quran already explains the factor of honesty in business and in every matter of life. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) has a great business skill due to which he was offered marriage. But unfortunately our current business values have been changing day by day. Our environment is lacking in honesty. For having a good business policy we should need to be honest. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said,if you sell goods on lie basis then your goods would be sold with your faith.For instance if there is any medicine who will get expire any shop keeper sell to any uneducated person and he got infection, a person who got infected will complain to doctor not to pharmacy shop keeper. Today lie become the trend we just to sell a 300Rs shirt would lie many time. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said selling thing upon lie basis would break trust of others. TRUST IN BUSINESS For having a successful business a trust of people is require. This does not mean that only one sided trust is require but from both seller and buyer. This enhances better understanding and good c ommunication.A Unit Trust is an investment vehicle that allows investors to take advantage of investing in a diversified group of stocks which manages risk and exposure to one or a few stocks. It also offers the opportunity to participate in the long-term performance of the stock market. Islamic Unit Trusts add other aspects that are a screening process to remove stocks of companies deemed to be inappropriate for Muslim investors and cleansing or purification of a company’s profits by removing any income derived from non-Shariah complaint sources, such as interest a company would earn on its bank accounts and donating them to charities.Therefore, Islamic unit trust schemes are required to additionally appoint a Shari’ah committee or to ensure that their operations are in accordance with Shari’ah. Islamic Unit Trusts can invest in many financial products in conventional financial markets which are not interest-based, or where the element of interest could be elim inated, such as property funds, commodities, financial options and futures and forward transactions in foreign currency. They can take advantage of international markets growth by giving priority to equity investments in Islamic banks and financial institutions, stock markets ofMuslim countries; and companies managed under the Islamic system. The manager of a Unit Trust mutual fund would typically invest the pooled money in a portfolio which may include the asset classes such as cash, bonds and deposits, shares, property and commodities; tangible assets represent more than 51% of the portfolio. Islamic Unit Trusts have also a wide range of investment options based on growth and income, open-ended, redeemable, etc. Their investments can cover international equity markets, currencies and properties.A Mudarabah fund can invest in a specific business activity on the basis of profit and loss sharing; Murabahah fund invest in companies whose transactions are undertaken on a cost-plus basi s; Through Musharakah the Unit Trust and the third party contribute funds in a joint venture, producing equity participation; And in Ijarah fund, the Islamic Trust finances equipment, building or entire project for a third party against an agreed rental. Besides, there will be no restriction to stop non-Muslims investing in an Islamic Unit Trust.A good analogy with Islamic Unit Trusts is one of ethical and green Unit Trusts. Here the universe of investable securities is limited by certain criteria based on moral and ethical considerations (muamalah. com; 2009). An ethical investment is the principle of investing in companies which make a positive contribution to the world and avoiding those which harm the world, its people or its wildlife. Society's increasing awareness of its environmental and social responsibilities is impacting on financial services, more and more investments based on ethical principles are now available.Some may think that the restrictions imposed by ethical inv estment with strict criteria may result in weaker performance; however ethical funds have often matched or beaten their non-ethical counterparts. Ethical investments are generally made through managed funds such as unit trusts which specialty is to seek profits for investors while conforming to certain ethical criteria such as that the company is not involved in activities like illegal armaments, gambling or pornography, or that it doesn’t produce or distribute alcohol, tobacco or drugs.Before buying shares of companies in a chosen sector, an ethical fund manager will run checks on that company to find out if it has interests in a number of areas according to pre-determined criteria. Accordingly, clients who invest in ethical funds can be sure that their money will be invested in companies that engage in legal and ethical activities. Islamic Unit Trusts investments are also based on specific criteria based on morality, the main criteria is to not deal in transactions which in volve the paying and receiving of interest.Islamic Unit Trusts should be run on a transparent and modern corporate basis and up-to-date accounting and within a legal framework in conformity with the Shari’ah. In the same way the decision to invest in the case of ethical unit trusts is made by the fund managers, based on information received from various professional bodies and specially constituted committees of reference, the decision in the case of Islamic unit trusts is conditioned by the a binding approval from the Shari’ah Boards which consist of established religious scholars who make a decision based on the interpretations of particular operations and contexts.A person can earn money by two means; one is agriculture and the other is business. If business is not done according to the ethics then there will always be inflation and shortage of goods. As it can be seen in the case of many commodities like wheat, sugar etc. It is due to the stocking in, speculation a nd the selfishness of some businessmen. The government has also become a trader itself, while the shariah has stopped the Islamic government from trading. As it can be seen that business is an important part of life, the Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H) said, â€Å"People get 9/10 of their daily bread by trade. † Islam explains the concept of righteous trade by telling business ethics. If trade or any other thing is done against the morals and creed then this will lead to the bad end on the day of resurrection. Also by the law the person guilty of illegal business would end up nowhere. Islam emphasizes on the importance of the business ethics a lot. Allah says in the Quran, â€Å"they say that buying is also like interest but Allah has declared buying as permissible and interest as forbidden. And â€Å"When you buy or sell then make someone a witness of it. † The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) said, â€Å"If trade was not there then you would have become a burden on others. † He also said that â€Å"A trader is the guardian of the means of daily bread and a keeper of the dignity of himself and other people. † The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) encouraged the trust worthy traders by these words, â€Å"A trustworthy and truthful merchant shall be with the prophets and the truthful and the martyrs and the righteous. â€Å"God shows mercy to a person who is kindly when he sells, when he buys and when he makes a claim† The prophet emphasized on the truthfulness and the righteousness of the businessmen a lot. He said that â€Å"Verily, merchants shall be raised up sinners on the day of resurrection, except he who fears God, and is good, and speaks the truth. As Muslims, we have to adhere to ethical standards, not only in business but also in all aspects of life. Both business and ethics are interrelated. There is a reference to this point in the Qur'an, â€Å"For you in the Messenger of Allah is a fine example to follow. Al lah Almighty says, â€Å"To the Madyan people (we sent) Shu'aib, one of their own brethren: he said: ‘O my people! Worship Allah. You have no other god but Him. And give not short measure or weight. I see you in prosperity, but I fear for you the penalty of a day that will compass (you) all rounds. And O my people! Give just measure and weight, nor withhold from the people the things that are their due: commit not evil in the land with intent to do mischief. That which is left you by Allah is best for you, if you (but) believed!But I am not set over you to keep watch! † At one Place Hazrat Ali said, if you dog your friend then don’t think you had brilliantly dodged but think that how much he still trust upon you. FAIR IN BUSINESS Fair is another quality which is also needed for business. WE shouldn’t concern with business whether it is small or big, but we should be fair and kind with people and people with you. The Holy Qur'an and Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) have made it clear that a Muslim must be honest and upright in his business and monetary dealing.Also the true Muslim should keep his word and fulfill his promises, shun fraud and avoid deceit and perfidy, encroach not upon the rights of others, nor take part in wrongful litigation. Also a good Muslim does not give false testimony, and abstains from making unlawful money as from usury and graft. According to Islam whoever is not free from these vices, is not a true believer but a renegade and a worthless transgressor. And the Qur'an is rich with verses that confirm all this. Allah says in the Quran, â€Å"Eat not up each other's property by unfair nd dishonest means. † Allah forbids all unclean and corrupt means of making money, such as, dishonest trading, gambling, and bribery. And the Holy Quran has explained and described such practices in many of its verses. He says, â€Å"Woe to those that deal in fraud, – those who, when they have to receive by measure from men, exact full measure, but when they have to give by measure or weight to men, give less than due. Do they not think that they will be asked on a Mighty Day when (all) mankind will stand before the Lord of the lords. Another example is given in the coming verse, where Allah urges Muslims to be very particular about their trusts and about other people's rights. â€Å"Allah does command you to render back your trust, to those to whom they are due. † Major principles of fair business dealings According to Islam, the following things must be avoided to commence fair business. 1. No fraud or deceit, the Prophet (P. B. U. H) is reported to have said, â€Å"When a sale is held, say, there’s no cheating† 2. Sellers must avoid making too many oaths when selling merchandise. The Prophet (P. B. U.H) is reported to have said, â€Å"Be careful of excessive oaths in a sale. Though it finds markets, it reduces abundance. † 3. Mutual consent is necessary. The Prophet (P. B . U. H) is reported to have said, â€Å"The sale is complete when the two involved depart with mutual consent. † 4. Be strict in regard to weights and measures. The Prophet (P. B. U. H) said, â€Å"When people cheat in weight and measures, their provision is cut off from them. † He told the owners of measures and weights, â€Å"You have been entrusted with affairs over which some nations before you were destroyed. † 5. The Prophet (P.B. U. H) forbade monopolies. â€Å"Whoever monopolizes is a sinner. † 6. Free enterprise, the price of the commodities should not be fixed unless there is a situation of crisis or extreme necessity. 7. Hoarding merchandise in order to increase the prices is forbidden. 8. Transaction of forbidden (Haram) items, such as intoxicants, is forbidden. Fraud and dishonesty in business Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) has stressed the importance of honesty in most of his sermons, saying, â€Å"Remember, there is no faith in him who is n ot trustworthy; there is no place for him in religion who cares not for his ledged word or promise. He (PBUH) also said, â€Å"The signs of a hypocrite are three, when he speaks, he is false, when he promises, he fails; and when he is trusted, he plays false. † Condemning those who cheat in business Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) has said, â€Å"He who cheats is not of us. Deceitfulness and fraud are things that lead one to Hell. † Once Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) came upon a heap of corn in the market of Medina and thrust his hand onto it. His fingers felt damp. On being asked, the trader replied that rain had fallen upon it. The Prophet (P. B. U.H) observed, â€Å"Why did you not then keep (the wet portion of) it above the dry corn, so that men may see it? He, who deceives, is not one of us. † Thus traders who deceive by showing to customers a false sample or by concealing from them the defects of the product they're selling are not true Muslims in the judgment of Allah Prophet (PBUH) and, they are going to end up in hell. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) said, â€Å"The seller must explain to the buyer the defects, if any, in the quality of the article offered for sale. Should this not be done, the seller will permanently be caught in the Wrath of Allah. In short, all manner of deceit and dishonesty in business is prohibited in Islam. The Holy Prophet has expressed his strong dislike for those who do so. The Prophet's general advice to all people was that, â€Å"What is lawful is clear and what is unlawful is clear, but between them are certain doubtful things which many people do not recognize. He who guards against the doubtful things keep his religion and his honor blameless, but he who falls into doubtful things falls into what is unlawful, just as a shepherd who pastures his flocks round a sanctuary will soon pasture them in it.Every king has a sanctuary, and God's sanctuary is the things he had declared unlawful. â€Å"Before the Proph et invited his people towards Islam, it was his truthfulness and trustworthiness which had earned for Muhammad (S. A. W. ) the glorious titles of â€Å"Sadiq† (truthful) and â€Å"Amin†. Therefore, one must follow the teachings of the Holy Prophet (P. B. U. H) in regard to business and all other aspects of life; to become a good Businessman and hence, a better Muslim. Islam puts certain conditions and restrictions to obviate the chances of bitterness between the employer and employees.Islam encourages and promotes the spirit of love and brotherhood between them. According to the Islamic teachings it is the religious and moral responsibility of the employer to take care of the overall welfare and betterment of his employees. Fair wages, good working conditions, suitable work and excellent brotherly treatment should be provided to the workers. The last Prophet of Allah (sws) has explained this principle in the following words: Those are your brothers [workers under you] who are around you, Allah has placed them under you.So, if anyone of you has someone under him, he should feed him out of what he himself eats, clothe him like what he himself puts on, and let him not put so much burden on him that he is not able to bear, [and if that be the case], then lend your help to him. The Prophet (sws) also said: I will be foe to three persons on the Last Day: one of them being the one who, when he employs a person that has accomplished his duty, does not give him his due. The Prophet (sws) is also reported to have said: The wages of the laborers must be paid to him before the sweat dries upon his body. TRUTHFULNESS IN BUSINESSIn order to earn profit and making things Halal truthfulness is essential. People to buy things where ethics like truthfulness is present. Islam encourages truthfulness in business transactions and raises the status of a truthful merchant so much so that he will be at par with the holy warriors and martyrs, in the Hereafter. The Prophe t (sws) is reported to have said: The truthful merchant [is rewarded by being ranked] on the Day of Resurrection with prophets, veracious souls, martyrs and pious people. The Prophet (sws) has also exhorted the believers to strictly adhere to truthfulness in business transactions.He says: The seller and the buyer have the right to keep or return the goods as long as they have not parted or till they part; and if both the parties spoke the truth and described the defects and qualities [of the goods], then they would be blessed in their transaction, and if they told lies or hid something, then the blessings of their transaction would be lost. The tradition implies that Allah blesses business dealings if both the buyer and the seller are true to each other. Telling lies and hiding facts will result in the loss of divine blessing. A tradition reads. The Holy Prophet said: ‘Traders are wicked people’.The Companions asked: ‘O Messenger, has Allah not permitted business? ’ The Messenger replied: ‘Of course He has declared trading lawful. But they (i. e. the traders) will swear by Allah and do evil, they will not speak but tell lies’. JUSTICE IN BUSINESS The Quran also emphasizes on the concept of justice. It is another types of ethics which is deeply needed for running on the business. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, He who deals unfairly with others can never become useful member of society. Among the set of values the Qur'an and the Prophet's sayings emphasize are the concepts of justice and benevolence.The concept of justice (‘Adl) occupies a central place in the economic system of Islam. This value is prescribed in legal, social, moral and economic dealings. It is to be practiced with individuals, orphans, wives, tribes, communities and nations and even with peaceful enemies. It is applicable to speaking, giving witness, acting as a guardian, writing an agreement, arbitrating between parties, dealing with other people, j udging in a court of law and making business transactions. The concept of justice in an economic context encompasses fairness, equity, balance and equilibrium, symmetry and impartiality.The Quranic verses address individuals not only in their personal capacity but also in their capacity of being rulers, administrators, directors, employers, and all who deal with others. Justice, like truth, is a Divine virtue. Islam does not compromise on this value as it does not compromise on truth. While the Qur'an lays great emphasis on the value of justice, the Prophet has repeatedly persuaded the Muslims to stick to the value of Ihsan, which stands for benevolence, generosity, proficiency and magnanimity. The absence of ‘Adl inflicts harm and disturbs peace and harmony, but the absence of Ihsan does not harm anybody.It implies a more liberal treatment than justice demands. It begins where the limits of justice end. Absolute justice is a legal requirement and, therefore, essential, but th e Prophet, in line with the Quranic requirement, has persuaded his followers to behave magnanimously in claiming their rights and be generous in discharging their duty. ‘While ‘Adl eliminates injustice and exploitation and strikes a real balance between rights and responsibilities in society, Ihsan decorates the society with generosity, kindness, mercy, forgiveness, self sacrifice, mutual cooperation and affection. Adl is the primary condition for setting up an Islamic government, while Ihsan plays a vital role in building up a truly Islamic society; the former is a legal phenomenon while the latter is moral and religious. When we say that prices must be just, or fair, does this justice or fairness involve a moral value? Wholesale prices for all the dealers are almost the same. Can we then justify price variations at different centres? In Islamic law, if anybody charges an extraordinarily high price, it is termed as grave deception and is unacceptable.The Ottoman Code of Civil Law defines grave deception as higher than 5% (profit) on goods, 10% on animals and 20% on immovable property. The concept lays down the rate of profit but not the sale price. As a matter of fact, the wholesale price alone does not determine the sale price. It is determined by locality, standard of intramural decoration, packing, service, environment and other overhead costs. A trader has to add all the incurred and accrued expenses to the wholesale price, in addition to a profit for himself/herself.What rate of profit he should charge is determined largely by market forces and the nature of the competition, given a normal or prevailing price. All this proves that the concept of a just price is not a moral concept except where monopolies or oligopolies arbitrarily fix an unrealistically high price quite out of proportion with costs. The concept of the right to justice is mentioned repeatedly in the Qur'an. There is quite a lot of detail in the passages relating to the freedom to justice.In Islam there are two concepts which are considered, Ihsan and Adl. While Adl is typical of monotheistic religions, referring to the need for balance and equality when judging and individual, in Islam perhaps the more important term is Ihsan. Ihsan refers to making up an imbalance or an injustice by returning or giving back something to the person that is at disadvantage. As such, it is not only important to treat all people equally, but to allow those that are at an objective disadvantage compensation.These relate to the two most basic attributes of God, mercy and compassion (Al-Rahman and Al-Rahim. ) These two concepts are often compared to the love of a mother to her offspring. A parent must love equally all of his offspring, but if one of them has a handicap or requires special attention Ihsan dictates that a loving parent will give that child more to help him make his way in life. In the ideal Islamic society, the concept of justice necessarily reflects helping the disadvantaged, like widows, orphans, and those living with handicaps or in poverty. If Musharakah principle† was applied to a bank which holds a huge amount of depositors’ money and no interest rates permitted to earn income, banks will be forced to invest in different projects whether it is new or current. But the bank here is exposed to a risk of loss! It encourages a bank to diversify its investments since interest is prohibited and that leads to a growth in the economy since money is injected in several business and projects. If the economy grows on average, the investment pool will make profit.Banks here make income from investment not form interest by lending money. No interest rates for the depositors but their income increase in line with the growth in the economy. Thus, Islamic system based in â€Å"cooperative† (Sharing) and does not favor rich people. But it works on the principle of sharing which in a way or another leads to justice. The current news is that Sweden government is awarded as best governance. When people asked reason behind this success. They replied, we followed the Hazrat Umar (R. A) Rule of law.